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Art, Literature & Music

10 questions · Society & Everyday

For centuries, art was allowed to women as an ornament and denied to them as a profession. This pack brings together ten who made it their work anyway, often against the express resistance of their own family, the church or the state. Hildegard of Bingen wrote on theology, medicine and music in the 12th century, at a time when women were all but forbidden to preach. Jane Austen published without her name in her lifetime, “by a Lady”. Clara Schumann had to go to court to be allowed to marry, and noted that a woman must not desire to compose, while composing herself. Virginia Woolf, who unlike her brothers was not sent to Cambridge, wrote the sentence that sums it all up: a woman must have money and a room of her own if she is to write. Others made their own lives the material of their work. Frida Kahlo began to paint in bed, with a mirror above her, after the accident that shattered her spine. Käthe Kollwitz put the hunger of Berlin’s working-class districts and her grief for a son killed in the war into her prints. Simone de Beauvoir wrote the book that gave millions of women the language to understand their own situation. And then there are those who changed the way we see and hear: Coco Chanel freed the female body from the corset, Astrid Lindgren invented the strongest girl in the world, and Maria Callas turned opera into real theatre.

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Who created 'Pippi Longstocking'?

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Astrid Lindgren

The Swedish writer is among the most translated children's authors in the world.

💡 Did you know? Pippi is billed as 'the strongest girl in the world'.

Who was the Mexican painter famous for her self-portraits?

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Frida Kahlo

In her paintings she explored pain, the body and identity.

💡 Did you know? She began painting in bed after a serious bus accident.

Who was the French fashion designer behind the 'little black dress' and the perfume Nº 5?

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Coco Chanel

She revolutionised women's fashion with understated elegance.

💡 Did you know? The 'little black dress' is credited to her.

Who wrote 'The Second Sex', a foundational work of feminism?

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Simone de Beauvoir

The French philosopher helped shape existentialist thought.

💡 Did you know? She wrote: 'One is not born, but rather becomes, a woman.'

Jane Austen

Foto: Cassandra Austen · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons

Who wrote the English novels 'Pride and Prejudice' and 'Emma'?

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Jane Austen

Her ironic novels about love and class are considered classics.

💡 Did you know? In her lifetime her novels appeared anonymously: the first credited only 'By a Lady'.

Virginia Woolf

Foto: George Charles Beresford / Adam Cuerden · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons

Who wrote 'Mrs Dalloway' and the essay 'A Room of One's Own'?

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Virginia Woolf

The British author pioneered modern stream-of-consciousness writing.

💡 Did you know? She belonged to the influential 'Bloomsbury Group' of artists.

Clara Schumann

Foto: Franz von Lenbach · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons

Who was the celebrated pianist and composer, née Wieck, who married against her father's will in 1840?

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Clara Schumann

She was one of the greatest piano virtuosos of the 19th century.

💡 Did you know? Her portrait once featured on the German 100-mark note.

Käthe Kollwitz

Foto: Hugo Erfurth · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons

Who created haunting drawings and sculptures about war, poverty and grief?

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Käthe Kollwitz

The German artist is known for her socially critical work.

💡 Did you know? An enlarged version of her Pietà stands in Berlin's Neue Wache.

Who is considered one of the greatest opera divas of the 20th century?

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Maria Callas

The soprano was famous for her drama and stage presence.

💡 Did you know? Her dramatic weight loss made headlines at the time.

Hildegard von Bingen

Foto: Unbekannt · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons

Who was the medieval abbess, composer and polymath?

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Hildegard of Bingen

She wrote works on medicine, theology and music.

💡 Did you know? Her herbal remedies are still marketed today ('Hildegard medicine').

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