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Flu (Influenza)

10 questions · Health & Medicine

The „real“ flu (medically influenza) is one of the best-known infectious diseases in the world and returns year after year in the cold season as a winter flu wave. Unlike a harmless cold, it often begins abruptly with high fever, chills, headache and aching limbs, and severe exhaustion. It is caused by influenza viruses, which are divided into types A, B and C. Their trick is constant change: above all the surface proteins haemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N) keep changing: hence the names of subtypes such as H1N1 or H5N1. Because the virus changes so quickly, the flu vaccine must be adapted anew each year. The flu usually runs a mild course, but for the elderly, pregnant women and the chronically ill it can become dangerous; hundreds of thousands die of its effects worldwide each year. Especially risky are flu viruses that jump from animals to humans: such pathogens gave rise to the great flu pandemics, from the Spanish flu of 1918 to the „swine flu“ of 2009. Vaccination, hygiene and antiviral drugs such as oseltamivir help keep the flu in check.

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5 of 10 questions with answers

What is the „real“ flu called medically?

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Influenza

It should not be confused with a common cold.

💡 Did you know? The name comes from Italian.

Into which three types are influenza viruses divided?

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A, B and C

Type A causes the most dangerous outbreaks.

💡 Did you know? Only type A causes major pandemics.

How does flu usually differ from a cold?

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It starts suddenly and severely

Typical are high fever and aching limbs.

💡 Did you know? A cold, by contrast, comes on slowly.

Why must the flu vaccine be adapted every year?

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Because the virus keeps changing

Experts call this antigenic drift.

💡 Did you know? That is why vaccination is recommended yearly.

What do the letters H and N stand for in names like H1N1?

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Haemagglutinin and neuraminidase

They are two proteins on the virus's surface.

💡 Did you know? Their combination defines the subtype.

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