Which two kingdoms fought the Hundred Years' War?
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England and France
The dispute was over the French succession.
💡 Did you know? Despite the name, the war lasted 116 years.
All questions with answers
In which year did the Hundred Years' War begin?
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1337
The English king Edward III claimed the French throne.
💡 Did you know? The war was repeatedly interrupted by truces.
What was the core of the conflict?
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The French throne
English kings claimed the French crown.
💡 Did you know? Rich lands such as Guyenne in the southwest were also at stake.
Which young woman became France's heroine and symbol?
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Joan of Arc
She led French troops to relieve Orléans.
💡 Did you know? At 19 she was burned as a heretic and later canonised.
Which besieged city did Joan of Arc relieve in 1429?
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Orléans
The relief of Orléans became the war's turning point.
💡 Did you know? Afterwards the French king was crowned at Reims.
Which English weapon decided many battles?
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The longbow
Masses of longbowmen broke armoured knightly armies.
💡 Did you know? A trained archer loosed several arrows a minute.
In which 1415 battle did the English win despite being outnumbered?
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Battle of Agincourt
The English longbow wrought carnage among the French.
💡 Did you know? King Henry V became a legend through the victory.
Which English king won at Agincourt?
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Henry V
Shakespeare wrote a famous play about him.
💡 Did you know? After the victory he was recognised as heir to the French throne.
Which plague raged during the war and depopulated Europe?
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The Black Death
From 1347 the plague killed millions.
💡 Did you know? It interrupted the fighting for a long time.
What happened to Joan of Arc in 1431?
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She was burned as a heretic
The English had her executed in Rouen.
💡 Did you know? In 1920 she was canonised by the Church.
Who emerged victorious in the end?
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France
By 1453 England had lost almost all mainland holdings.
💡 Did you know? Only the port of Calais remained English for a long time.
In which year did the Hundred Years' War end?
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1453
At the Battle of Castillon the French artillery won.
💡 Did you know? In the same year Constantinople fell to the Ottomans.
Which single mainland town remained English long after?
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Calais
The port stayed in English hands until 1558.
💡 Did you know? Only over a century later was Calais also lost.
Which new weapon technology decided in France's favour at the end?
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Artillery / cannon
Early cannon made knightly armies and castles vulnerable.
💡 Did you know? The age of knights was thus drawing to a close.
Which royal house provided England's kings in the war?
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The Plantagenets
From them later came the houses of Lancaster and York.
💡 Did you know? Their quarrel soon led to the Wars of the Roses.
Which civil war broke out in England shortly after the end?
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The Wars of the Roses
Lancaster and York fought for the English crown.
💡 Did you know? Their emblems showed a red and a white rose.
From which noble house did France's kings come during the war?
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The House of Valois
The Valois held the throne against English claims.
💡 Did you know? Charles VII was crowned at Reims thanks to Joan of Arc.
How many years did the war actually last?
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116 years
From 1337 to 1453, with long pauses.
💡 Did you know? So the name “hundred years” is an understatement.
What effect did the war have on how the English and French saw themselves?
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It strengthened national identity
In both countries a sense of shared identity grew.
💡 Did you know? Scattered fiefs slowly became nation-states.
Which language gradually replaced French at the royal court in London?
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English
The war with France helped English prevail.
💡 Did you know? Until then the English nobility often spoke French.
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