Which French ruler swept war across Europe?
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Napoleon Bonaparte
A general of the revolution became an emperor.
💡 Did you know? At his height he dominated almost all of Europe.
20 questions · History
A general of the revolution became an emperor: in 1804 Napoleon Bonaparte placed the crown on his own head, and with his Grande Armée he swept across one country after another. In 1805 at Austerlitz, the “Battle of the Three Emperors”, he won his greatest triumph over Austria and Russia, while in the same year Admiral Nelson destroyed the French fleet at Trafalgar and thus secured Britain's mastery of the seas. To strike at England, Napoleon imposed the Continental System, but in 1806 the thousand-year-old Holy Roman Empire also broke apart under his pressure. Ever-new coalitions rose against him. His undoing came in 1812 with the Russian campaign: only a fraction of the huge Grande Armée returned. In 1813 he was beaten at the Battle of Leipzig and exiled to the island of Elba: yet he returned once more for the “Hundred Days”, before the Duke of Wellington and the Prussian general Blücher finally defeated him at Waterloo in 1815. Banished to St Helena, he died in 1821 far from Europe. The Congress of Vienna, under the Austrian statesman Metternich, reordered the continent; his famous legal code, the Napoleonic Code, still shapes the law of many countries today.
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Napoleon Bonaparte
A general of the revolution became an emperor.
💡 Did you know? At his height he dominated almost all of Europe.
1804
He placed the crown on his own head.
💡 Did you know? The Pope was merely a spectator.
Battle of Austerlitz
He defeated Austria and Russia at once.
💡 Did you know? It is seen as his greatest tactical triumph.
Battle of Trafalgar
This secured Britain's mastery of the seas.
💡 Did you know? Napoleon had to abandon his plan to invade England.
Admiral Nelson
He was fatally hit in the hour of victory.
💡 Did you know? Nelson's Column in London commemorates him.
The Continental System
Europe was to trade no more with Britain.
💡 Did you know? In the end the blockade also hurt France itself.
The Russian campaign
Only a fraction of the huge Grande Armée returned.
💡 Did you know? Cold, hunger and the scorched-earth tactic wore it down.
The Grande Armée
At times it numbered over half a million soldiers.
💡 Did you know? In Russia the bulk of this army perished.
Battle of Leipzig
Several powers beat him together.
💡 Did you know? It was one of the largest battles before the 20th century.
Elba
He was even allowed to rule a miniature realm there.
💡 Did you know? But he soon returned to France.
The Hundred Days
He escaped from Elba and seized power again.
💡 Did you know? After about a hundred days it was all over.
Battle of Waterloo
British and Prussians defeated him together.
💡 Did you know? “To meet one's Waterloo” still means a final defeat.
Duke of Wellington
He held out until the Prussians arrived.
💡 Did you know? Rubber boots (“wellingtons”) are named after him.
Blücher
His timely arrival decided the battle.
💡 Did you know? His soldiers called him “Marshal Forward”.
St Helena
The lonely Atlantic island allowed no escape.
💡 Did you know? There he died in 1821.
The Congress of Vienna
In 1814/15 the great powers drew new borders in Vienna.
💡 Did you know? “The congress dances” people mocked about the festivities.
Metternich
He wanted to restore the old order.
💡 Did you know? The “Metternich era” is named after him.
The Holy Roman Empire
Emperor Francis II laid down the imperial crown.
💡 Did you know? So ended an empire that had lasted almost a thousand years.
The Napoleonic Code
It summed up civil law in a modern, uniform way.
💡 Did you know? It influences the legal systems of many countries to this day.
1815
Europe then enjoyed decades of relative peace.
💡 Did you know? The Vienna settlement held for a long time.
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