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Reformation

20 questions · History

In 1517 the monk Martin Luther set off the Reformation with his 95 Theses: an upheaval that split Christianity forever. Luther above all denounced the sale of indulgences, by which the Church promised the remission of sins for money. According to legend he nailed his theses to the church door in Wittenberg. Thanks to the young art of printing, his ideas spread at lightning speed. In 1521 Luther defended his teaching at the Diet of Worms (“Here I stand, I can do no other”) was outlawed and hid at the Wartburg, where he translated the Bible into German. From the movement grew a new confession, Protestantism, against the Catholic Church and the pope. Further reformers such as John Calvin in Geneva and Ulrich Zwingli in Zurich went their own ways; in 1525 the unrest erupted in the Peasants' War. Only the Peace of Augsburg of 1555 brought a temporary settlement, while the Catholic Church responded with the Counter-Reformation. Luther was protected by Elector Frederick the Wise and as a former monk he married Katharina von Bora.

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In which year did the Reformation begin?

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1517

It permanently split Western Christianity.

💡 Did you know? 500 years later, in 2017, its anniversary was celebrated.

Which monk set off the Reformation?

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Martin Luther

The Augustinian monk and theology professor taught in Wittenberg.

💡 Did you know? The Lutheran church is named after him.

With what did Luther set off the Reformation?

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With the 95 Theses

In them he criticised abuses of the Church.

💡 Did you know? Whether he really nailed them to the door is disputed.

In which city did Luther legendarily nail his theses?

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Wittenberg

To the door of the Castle Church in Wittenberg.

💡 Did you know? The city is now called Lutherstadt Wittenberg.

Which church abuse did Luther mainly criticise?

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The sale of indulgences

For money, remission of punishment for sins was promised.

💡 Did you know? “As the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs.”

Which new Christian confession emerged?

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Protestantism

The “protesters” separated from Rome.

💡 Did you know? The name goes back to a “protestation” of 1529.

Against which institution was the Reformation directed?

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The Catholic Church

Luther denied the authority of the pope.

💡 Did you know? The pope excommunicated him.

Which work did Luther translate into German?

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The Bible

For the first time many people could read it themselves.

💡 Did you know? His translation shaped the German language.

Which invention helped spread the ideas quickly?

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The printing press

Pamphlets reached all of Germany in weeks.

💡 Did you know? Gutenberg's invention first made the Reformation possible.

At which 1521 diet did Luther defend his teaching?

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Diet of Worms

He refused to recant his writings.

💡 Did you know? Afterwards he was declared an outlaw.

Which saying is attributed to Luther at Worms?

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Here I stand, I can do no other

With it he is said to have refused to recant.

💡 Did you know? Whether he said exactly these words is not certain.

Where did Luther hide and translate the Bible?

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At the Wartburg

Disguised as “Junker Jörg” he translated the New Testament.

💡 Did you know? The castle towers over Eisenach in Thuringia.

What consequence did the Reformation have for the Church?

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The split of the Church

One Western Christianity became many confessions.

💡 Did you know? From it grew bloody religious wars too.

Which reformer worked in Geneva?

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John Calvin

He founded strict Calvinism.

💡 Did you know? His teaching shaped Switzerland and the Netherlands, among others.

Which reformer worked in Zurich?

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Ulrich Zwingli

He reformed the church in Switzerland.

💡 Did you know? He fell in battle in 1531.

Which uprising broke out in 1525?

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The Peasants' War

Peasants invoked Luther's message of freedom.

💡 Did you know? Luther himself called for their suppression.

Which 1555 peace allowed Catholic and Lutheran princes?

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Peace of Augsburg

The principle was “whose realm, his religion”.

💡 Did you know? The prince now determined his land's confession.

With which movement did the Catholic Church respond?

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With the Counter-Reformation

It renewed itself and moved against Protestantism.

💡 Did you know? The Jesuit order became an important force in it.

Which elector protected Luther?

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Frederick the Wise

The Saxon elector shielded him from persecution.

💡 Did you know? Without his protection Luther would likely have been burned.

Whom did the former monk Luther marry?

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Katharina von Bora

The runaway nun became his wife.

💡 Did you know? Their marriage became a model for the Protestant parsonage.

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