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Takeda Shingen

10 questions · History

Takeda Shingen was born in 1521 in the mountainous province of Kai, today’s Yamanashi west of Tokyo. As a child he was called Katsuchiyo, as a young man Harunobu; he only took the name Shingen in 1559, when he became a lay Buddhist monk. His father, Takeda Nobutora, was a harsh warlord who favoured the younger son. In 1541 the twenty-year-old turned the tables: backed by the retainers, he simply refused to let his father back across the border after a visit to the Imagawa in Suruga. Nobutora spent the rest of his long life in exile. Over the following decades Shingen conquered nearly all of Shinano and made Kai one of the most feared domains in Japan. Gold paid for it: the mines of the province yielded the metal from which the Takeda struck their own coins. His cavalry was reckoned the finest of the age, and his banner carried lines from Sun Tzu’s “The Art of War”: swift as the wind, silent as the forest, fierce as fire, immovable as the mountain, Fūrinkazan for short. His contemporaries called him the “Tiger of Kai”. His great rival was Uesugi Kenshin of Echigo, with whom he fought over Shinano for years. Yet Shingen’s greatest triumph came against someone else. At the turn of 1572 to 1573 he crushed the young Tokugawa Ieyasu at Mikatagahara so thoroughly that Ieyasu barely made it back to his castle at Hamamatsu. The road to Kyoto seemed open. But only months later, in the spring of 1573, Shingen died on campaign, probably of an illness. His last wish was that nobody should learn of his death for three years. It did not quite work. His son Takeda Katsuyori took over the house and in 1575 lost the famous cavalry at Nagashino to the musketeers of Oda Nobunaga and Ieyasu. In 1582 the house of Takeda fell.

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All questions with answers

What given name did Shingen use before he became a monk in 1559?

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Harunobu

Shingen is a Buddhist name that he took on becoming a lay monk.

💡 Did you know? As a child he had borne yet another name: Katsuchiyo.

Which father did Shingen send into exile in 1541?

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Takeda Nobutora

Nobutora had gone to visit Suruga; with the retainers behind him, his son never let him back into Kai.

💡 Did you know? The father outlived his banishment by decades and died only in 1574, after his son.

In which province, today’s Yamanashi, lay Shingen’s home domain?

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Kai

Kai is mountain country west of the Kantō plain; from there Shingen conquered neighbouring Shinano.

💡 Did you know? The family residence, Tsutsujigasaki, stood in Kōfu; a shrine to Shingen now occupies the site.

From which Chinese text do the words on Shingen’s banner come?

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The Art of War

The lines compare an army to wind, forest, fire and mountain; the four characters read Fūrinkazan.

💡 Did you know? An original banner of this kind is still kept in a temple in Yamanashi.

By which nickname did his contemporaries fear him?

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Tiger of Kai

The name pointed to his home province and his aggression; his rival Uesugi Kenshin was the “Dragon of Echigo”.

💡 Did you know? Tiger against dragon: the pair is still a favourite motif on stage and in video games.

In which battle did Shingen crush the young Tokugawa Ieyasu?

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Mikatagahara

Ieyasu ventured out of his castle at Hamamatsu and was overrun by Shingen’s seasoned army.

💡 Did you know? According to tradition, Ieyasu then had himself painted with a contorted face to remember the defeat.

Which metal from the mines of Kai paid for Shingen’s wars?

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Gold

From the province’s gold the Takeda struck their own coins, known as Kōshū gold.

💡 Did you know? Shingen used his miners in war too: they dug tunnels beneath enemy castle walls.

In which year did Takeda Shingen die?

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1573

He fell ill while besieging a castle in Mikawa and died on the way back to Kai.

💡 Did you know? The cause of his death is unclear; one legend tells of a sniper’s bullet.

For how many years did Shingen’s last will ask that his death be kept secret?

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3

He wanted to keep his enemies from exploiting the weakness of his house at once.

💡 Did you know? It did not quite work; rumours of his death soon reached Nobunaga and Ieyasu.

Which son took over the house after Shingen and was defeated at Nagashino in 1575?

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Takeda Katsuyori

At Nagashino the musketeers of Oda Nobunaga and Tokugawa Ieyasu shattered the Takeda cavalry.

💡 Did you know? In 1582 Katsuyori took his own life while on the run, and the Takeda ceased to be a ruling house.

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