Which animal was the young Hideyoshi mockingly named after because of his looks?
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Monkey
He was small, thin and wrinkle-faced; the name stayed with him all his life.
💡 Did you know? In one letter Nobunaga also called him a “bald rat”.
11 questions · History
Toyotomi Hideyoshi rose higher than anyone else in old Japan. He was born in 1537 in the village of Nakamura in Owari Province, the son of a common foot soldier, with no family name and no prospects. Small, thin and wrinkle-faced, he was nicknamed the Monkey. He entered the service of Oda Nobunaga as a servant, and legend says that in winter he warmed his master’s sandals against his own chest. Nobunaga recognised the little man’s talent and made him, step by step, a general. When Nobunaga was murdered at the Honnō-ji in 1582, Hideyoshi was far away in the west. By forced marches he hurried back and a few days later defeated the traitor Akechi Mitsuhide at Yamazaki. That made him the heir to Nobunaga’s work. From 1583 he had an enormous castle built at Osaka, and in 1585 the emperor appointed him kampaku, imperial regent. He could not become shogun because of his humble birth. In 1590 he subdued the Hōjō clan with the siege of Odawara, and after more than a century of war Japan was united again. Hideyoshi loved splendour. He had a portable tea room made entirely of gold and employed the great tea master Sen no Rikyū, whom he nevertheless ordered to take his own life in 1591. He disarmed the peasants, had the land surveyed and increasingly persecuted Christians: in 1597, 26 of them were crucified at Nagasaki. His last years served two aims. Twice, in 1592 and 1597, he sent huge armies to Korea in order to conquer China from there; both campaigns failed. And he wanted to secure power for his late-born son Toyotomi Hideyori. When Hideyoshi died in 1598, he had five regents swear to protect the boy. One of them was Tokugawa Ieyasu.
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Monkey
He was small, thin and wrinkle-faced; the name stayed with him all his life.
💡 Did you know? In one letter Nobunaga also called him a “bald rat”.
Yamazaki
He quickly made peace with the Mōri in the west and was back near Kyoto after a few days of forced marching.
💡 Did you know? Mitsuhide was killed by peasants as he fled after the battle.
Osaka
Tens of thousands worked on the castle for years; it was the largest fortress of its time in Japan.
💡 Did you know? Today’s keep is a concrete reconstruction from 1931.
Kampaku
He could not obtain the title of shogun because he did not descend from the Minamoto.
💡 Did you know? In 1591 he passed the title to his nephew Hidetsugu and from then on called himself Taikō, retired regent.
Hōjō
Their submission united Japan after more than a century of civil war.
💡 Did you know? During the months-long siege Hideyoshi had a castle of his own built opposite, Ishigakiyama Castle.
Sen no Rikyū
Rikyū had shaped the austere tea ceremony; why Hideyoshi turned against him is still disputed.
💡 Did you know? He received the name Rikyū in 1585, when he held a tea ceremony for Hideyoshi before the emperor.
Korea
From there he meant to conquer Ming China; both campaigns failed against Korean and Chinese resistance.
💡 Did you know? The Korean admiral Yi Sun-sin sank many Japanese ships with his armoured turtle ships.
Toyotomi Hideyori
Hideyoshi appointed five regents to protect the boy until he came of age.
💡 Did you know? Hideyori died in 1615 when Osaka Castle fell, and the house of Toyotomi died with him.
Nagasaki
Those executed included Japanese believers and European Franciscans; they are known as the 26 Martyrs of Japan.
💡 Did you know? The Catholic Church canonised them in 1862.
1598
After his death the troops were brought back from Korea; two years later his regents fought the decisive battle among themselves.
💡 Did you know? He was worshipped as a deity under the name Toyokuni Daimyōjin until the Tokugawa suppressed the cult.
Foto: Kanō Mitsunobu (狩野 光信) · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons
Toyotomi Hideyoshi
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