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Toyotomi Hideyoshi

11 questions · History

Toyotomi Hideyoshi rose higher than anyone else in old Japan. He was born in 1537 in the village of Nakamura in Owari Province, the son of a common foot soldier, with no family name and no prospects. Small, thin and wrinkle-faced, he was nicknamed the Monkey. He entered the service of Oda Nobunaga as a servant, and legend says that in winter he warmed his master’s sandals against his own chest. Nobunaga recognised the little man’s talent and made him, step by step, a general. When Nobunaga was murdered at the Honnō-ji in 1582, Hideyoshi was far away in the west. By forced marches he hurried back and a few days later defeated the traitor Akechi Mitsuhide at Yamazaki. That made him the heir to Nobunaga’s work. From 1583 he had an enormous castle built at Osaka, and in 1585 the emperor appointed him kampaku, imperial regent. He could not become shogun because of his humble birth. In 1590 he subdued the Hōjō clan with the siege of Odawara, and after more than a century of war Japan was united again. Hideyoshi loved splendour. He had a portable tea room made entirely of gold and employed the great tea master Sen no Rikyū, whom he nevertheless ordered to take his own life in 1591. He disarmed the peasants, had the land surveyed and increasingly persecuted Christians: in 1597, 26 of them were crucified at Nagasaki. His last years served two aims. Twice, in 1592 and 1597, he sent huge armies to Korea in order to conquer China from there; both campaigns failed. And he wanted to secure power for his late-born son Toyotomi Hideyori. When Hideyoshi died in 1598, he had five regents swear to protect the boy. One of them was Tokugawa Ieyasu.

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Which animal was the young Hideyoshi mockingly named after because of his looks?

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Monkey

He was small, thin and wrinkle-faced; the name stayed with him all his life.

💡 Did you know? In one letter Nobunaga also called him a “bald rat”.

In which battle did Hideyoshi avenge his lord’s death on Akechi Mitsuhide in 1582?

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Yamazaki

He quickly made peace with the Mōri in the west and was back near Kyoto after a few days of forced marching.

💡 Did you know? Mitsuhide was killed by peasants as he fled after the battle.

Where did Hideyoshi build his enormous main castle from 1583?

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Osaka

Tens of thousands worked on the castle for years; it was the largest fortress of its time in Japan.

💡 Did you know? Today’s keep is a concrete reconstruction from 1931.

Which highest court title of a regent did Hideyoshi receive in 1585?

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Kampaku

He could not obtain the title of shogun because he did not descend from the Minamoto.

💡 Did you know? In 1591 he passed the title to his nephew Hidetsugu and from then on called himself Taikō, retired regent.

Which clan did Hideyoshi defeat in 1590 with the siege of Odawara?

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Hōjō

Their submission united Japan after more than a century of civil war.

💡 Did you know? During the months-long siege Hideyoshi had a castle of his own built opposite, Ishigakiyama Castle.

Which tea master did Hideyoshi order to commit ritual suicide in 1591?

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Sen no Rikyū

Rikyū had shaped the austere tea ceremony; why Hideyoshi turned against him is still disputed.

💡 Did you know? He received the name Rikyū in 1585, when he held a tea ceremony for Hideyoshi before the emperor.

Which country did Hideyoshi attack with large armies in 1592 and 1597?

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Korea

From there he meant to conquer Ming China; both campaigns failed against Korean and Chinese resistance.

💡 Did you know? The Korean admiral Yi Sun-sin sank many Japanese ships with his armoured turtle ships.

Which son, born in 1593, was meant to be Hideyoshi’s heir?

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Toyotomi Hideyori

Hideyoshi appointed five regents to protect the boy until he came of age.

💡 Did you know? Hideyori died in 1615 when Osaka Castle fell, and the house of Toyotomi died with him.

In which city did Hideyoshi have twenty-six Christians crucified in 1597?

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Nagasaki

Those executed included Japanese believers and European Franciscans; they are known as the 26 Martyrs of Japan.

💡 Did you know? The Catholic Church canonised them in 1862.

In which year did Toyotomi Hideyoshi die?

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1598

After his death the troops were brought back from Korea; two years later his regents fought the decisive battle among themselves.

💡 Did you know? He was worshipped as a deity under the name Toyokuni Daimyōjin until the Tokugawa suppressed the cult.

Toyotomi Hideyoshi

Foto: Kanō Mitsunobu (狩野 光信) · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons

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